From the Beginning of Time of Chapter 1 class 11

From the Beginning of Time of Chapter 1

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Story of Human Evolution
Points to remember:
1. Phases of Evolution
Stage 1 – Early Societies

• a. Ape
• b. Australopithecus
• c. Homo erectus (literally ‘upright man’)
• d. Homo sapiens (literally ‘thinking/wise man’)

Stage 2 Hunter-gatherer Societies

• Modern Humans
• Hunters and Gatherers

2. Places of Evolution
The earliest fossils of modern humans where found in:
ETHIOPIA – 195,000-160,000 years ago,
SOUTH AFRICA – 120,000-50,000 years ago,
MOROCCO – 70,000-50,000 years ago,
ISRAEL – 100,000-80,000 years ago,
AUSTRALIA – 45,000-35,000 years ago,
BORNEO – 40,000 years ago,
FRANCE – 35,000 years ago.
3. Social Aspects

• Food
• Shelter

4. Economic Aspects

• Farming
• Domestication of animals
• Trade

5. Cultural Aspects

• Paintings
• Stone Tools

6. Sources

• Fossils
• Stone Tools
• Bones

7. Phases of Stone Age
8. Present day Hunter-Gatherers
i. Role of both-men and Women in present society

THE CHAPTER
Phases of Evolution
The origin of human begins are divided into several stages:
Primates – A category of larger group of mammals, emerged in Asia and Africa.

• They existed about 36-24 million years ago.
• They existed in Asia and Africa.

Hominoids – A subgroup subgroup amongst primates emerged by about 24 mya, called hominoids.

• This group included Apes who had smaller brains.
• They had four legs but were unable to walk erect.

Hominids – The evidence of the first hominids is found about 5.6 mya in Africa.

• They had an upright posture and bipedal locomotion.
• Hominids belong to a family known as Hominidae, which includes all forms of human beings
• They are further subdivided into branches known as Genus, of which Australopithecus and Homo are important. Each of these in turn includes several species.

Homo is a Latin word, meaning ‘man’ (including women). So human fossils are classified as Homo habilis (the tool maker), Homo erectus (the upright man), and Homo sapiens (the wise or thinking man).
Homo Sapiens (Modern Human) can be further divided into – Homo Heidelbergensis (fossils found in Europe, Asia and Africa) and Homo Neanderthalemsis (fossils found in Europe, Western and Middle Asia)
The remains of early humans have been classified into different species. These are often distinguished from one another on the basis of differences in bone structure. For instance, species of early humans are differentiated in terms of their skull size and distinctive jaws. These characteristics may have evolved due to what has been called the positive feedback mechanism.

Tool – Making – Example – Pg. – 13

Comparison: Modern Human & Hunter Human
Modern Human: On one side some scholars feel that ethnographic data cannot be used for understanding past societies. They have not applied directly the specific data from present day hunter-gather societies to interpret the archeological remains of the post.
They have the ideas:

• Present day hunter-gatherer societies pursues several other economic activities along with hunting and gathering.
• These include engaging in exchange and trade in minor forest produce or working as paid labourers in the fields of neighbouring farmers .
• Moreover, these societies are totally marginalised in all senses – geographically, politically and socially.
• The conditions in which they live are very different from those of early humans.
• There are tremendous variation amongst living hunter – gatherer societies.
• There are conflicting data on many issues such as the relative importance of hunting and gathering, group sizes or the movement from place to place.
• Today generally women gather and men hunt, there are societies where both women and men hunt and gather and make tools. Both women and men are contributing to the food supply.

The Hunter Human
Whereas, there are scholars who have directly applied specific data from present-day hunter-gatherer societies to interpret the archaeological remains of the past. They suggest that hominids sites dated back to 2 mya.
Social Factors

• Food – Example – Hunting began in about 500,000 yrs. ago ‘The Hadza’ (pg. Text rep. 24)
• Shelter – Date between 700,000 Tools accumulated in one place Example (Map -2 Text reference Europe Pg. 18) Tree shape figure Pg. -19

Economic Factors

• Hunting (began about 500,000 years ago), Gathering, Foraging (to search for food)
• Domestication of animals (began between 10,000 and 4,500 years ago)
• Agriculture and Pastoralism (began around 10,000 years ago)

Cultural Factors
It developed between – 30, 000 and 12,000 years ago

PHASES OF STONE AGE
i. Paleolithic
ii. Mesolithic
iii. Neolithic
a. Neolithic Revolution
Sources

Present day – Hunters and Gatherers
Two – points of view

• Directly applied Specific data from Present day hunter – gatherer Societies to interpret the archeological remains of the past.
• Past societies are totally different from the present society.

Key Words: Fossils, Species, Primates, Hominoids Artefacts, Anthropology, Ethnograph

  

Ch.5 Patol Babu,Film Star (Extra.Ques.)

Ch.5 Patol Babu,Film Star (Extra.Ques.)

Comprehension Questions
1. He said he was looking for an actor for a scene in a film they’re now shooting. The way he described the character- fiftyish, short, bald headed – it reminded me of you. So I gave him your address and asked him to get in touch with you directly. I hope you won’t turn him away. They’ll pay you of course
a) Here ‘he’ refers to 
Ans. Naresh Bun 
b) What kind of a person is ‘he’ ? 
Ans. He is a kind hearted good person 
c) ‘He’ comes to Patol Babu because
Ans. He needs an actor for his film 

SANJAY MATHUR

2. His name had appeared in hand bills on countless occasions. Once it appeared in bold type near the top: Sitalakanto Ray in the role of Parasar’. Indeed there vins a time when people bought tickets especially to see him
a) When did Patol Babu had a real passion for the stage?
Ans. When he was a well known actor. 
b) The above lines prove that Patol Babu was a actor at that time
Ans. Popular 

3. It didn’t matter if the part was small, but if he had to make the most of it, he had to learn his lines before hand. How small he would feel if he muffed in the presence of so many people
a) Who is the speaker here? 
Ans. Patol Babu
b) Where is the speaker now? 
Ans. At the shooting site
c) What was the speaker waiting for ? 
Ans. He was waiting for his dialogue .

Short Answer Type Questions (30-40 words)

1. How does Patol Babu reconcile to the dialogue given to him?

Ans Ms. Initially, Patol Babu was disappointed when he saw the word ‘Oh’ written on the paper Next moment, he was reminded of the advice given to him by his mentor Mr. Pakrashi that a role was not big or 1 small, it was the manner in which it was performed that mattered. He accepted the role and decided to give it a try. 

2. What was the advice of Patol Babu’s mentor and guru Pakrashi?

Ans. The advice of Mr. Gogon Pakrashi, his mentor and guru was — Do your work irrespective of the fact that it was big or small. Perform well and wholeheartedly. That’s all.

3. What job did Patol Babu have in Calcutta and why did he leave it?

Ans. It was a clerical post with Hudson and Kimberley with a higher pay in Calcutta. He lost his job due to the war in 1943.

4. What idea did Patol Babu have while rehearsing? Did the director approve of the idea?

Ans. Idea was that if he had newspaper in his hand the scene would look more authentic. Director approved of the idea and asked a bystander to give him the newspaper.

5. What were Patol Babu’s dialogues and what was his reaction on seeing it?

Ans. Patol asked for the dialogue to be spoken, a paper was handed over to him, on which just one word ‘Oh’ was written. He was disappointed, felt cheated and humiliated.

6. Why did Patol Babu leave without taking money?

Ans. After the shot was over, Patol Babu heaved a sigh of relief, a deep sense of satisfaction swept over him. He had done his job really well. After all, all these years had blunted his sensibility. Money did not matter compared to the job done with perfection. He left without taking the money.

7. How did Patol Babu react to the offer of a role in a film?

Ans. When the offer to act in a film came to Patol Babu, he was very happy and excited that a man fifty-two years old and nobody could get such an offer. There was every reason for him to accept it.

8. What message is the author trying to convey through the lesson “Patol Babu”?

Ans. The message conveyed by the story ‘Patel Babu’ is to do one’s job with perfection, no matter how big or small it is. In the plan of action everyone is assigned a role, which must be performed to the best of one’s ability. This is the only source of satisfaction.

9. How did Patol Babu manage to make his role special? What special• touches did he give to the role?

Ans. Patol Babu decided to make his role as memorable as possible. He rehearsed it in front of a large glass window in a quiet by lane.measured the distance to be walked, before he collided with the hero. So that the timing would be perfect. Then to make it look more authentic he suggested, holding a newspaper in his hand, which was accepted.

10. flow did Patol Babu’s dream come true?

Ans. Patol Babu had always dreamt of making it big, famous and rich one clay. He had got the opportunity of acting in a film. In the past, he was a very good actor at the stage. He performed very well and earned everyone’s appreciation.

Long Answer Questions (100-150 words)

1. Patol Babu’s wife decides to write a letter to her friend giving vent to her feelings about the performance of her husband and what she feels about it. Imagine yourself as the wife and write the letter.

Ans. Park Street Calcutta May 22,19XX Dear Madhabi How are you? Our correspondence is long overdue now. Today something happened and I feel like sharing it with you. You know things at home were not going smoothly, as my husband is not having any stable job since he left the job at Calcutta, due to the wan He tried his hand at so many different things but to no avail. Recently, he got an offer to act in a film. Once upon a time, he used to act on the stage and was very popular. So, he was quite excited. When he came back, he narrated the whole episode to me how he made that small insignificant role, a memorable one and made his presence felt during the shot. I am very proud of him, though outwardly, I keep chiding him. But one thing, I keep asking myself, whether money is important or not. How to run the household without any regular income. He came home without any money. Better luck next time! Write soon

Yours affectionately

SANJAY MATHUR

2. That night, after the incident, when Patol Babu is about to retire for his sleep, he decides to make a diary entry. Write it. Ans. 9.00 p.m. Calcutta May 20,19XX Today what happened has made it a memorable day for me.

Ans:The role I had been offered had made me quite excited and I reached Faraday House before the appointed time. There was a big crowd already there. Stage used to be different, this was film-shooting, it was a hot day and I was wearing that old fashioned woollen jacket as well. I made my way and asked for my dialogue. Everyone was so busy, they did not pay much attention to my request. I at least wanted to see the lines I had to utter. I am fifty-two years old and used to he such a popular actor on stage. So, I did want to have my lines in hand to see and memorise, to deliver them well. On asking again and again at last a paper was handed over to me with a single ‘Oh’ on it. All my excitement and enthusiasm was gone. I was about to leave at once, when the words of Gogon Pakrashi, my mentor, flashed in my mind. He used to say no role is big or small, it is the way you perform it, makes it big or small. That did it—and I gave my all to.perform it as well as possible. I emoted and spoke it in such a manner that it created such an impact, everyone applauded and praised it immensely. I was so satisfied and happy that I came home without any money. After all, what is money as compared to the satisfaction derived from work well done. Now I’ll have a nice sleep!

Value-based Question

1. “Work is worship.” Discuss. 

Or

  No work is big or small, it is the manner in which it is executed that makes it big or small.

Ans. Man without work is like a vegetable, a mere couch-potato. Life of a parasite is better than an idle life. Any occupation big or small gives the lasting happiness, no doubt. Work is work, and if we can make it worship, then the gods will shower blessings and life becomes an eternal joy. No work is big or small, it is the way we look at it that makes it big or small. In everything that we do our input is equal to the output whether it is in terms of material success or the satisfaction that we derive out of a well accomplished task, we get what we have put in. A lesson one must never forget in life, to achieve success there are no short-cuts or magic it is hard work alone that takes us places in life. We immerse ourselves in our work, lose and forget our being; the outcome of such a work can make miracles. Success comes chasing him, who works not to please others but to his own self and his own satisfaction is the reward. There are no religions, no creed, no caste, man-made barriers that distinguish one. It is the beautiful and unsullied mind that makes on unforgettable. Being honest to oneself and true to his work should be one’s motto, and then life becomes everlasting joy. Such a man’s heart is the abode of happiness that knows no end. Peace emanates from such beings, angels who create a paradise on earth!