NAZISM AND THE RISE OF HITLER (CLASS IX)

Chapter 3

Nazism and The Rise of Hitler

Q.1: Describe the problems faced by the Weimer Republic.

Answer: After the defeat of the imperial Germany at the end of the First World War, King Kaiser William II fled to Holland to save his life. Taking this opportunity, the Parliamentary Parties met at Weimer and established a Republic on November 1918 popularly known as Weimer Republic. This Republic was not received well by the Germans mainly because of the terms which the Republic was forced to accept by the Allied Forces after German’s defeat in the First World War. The Republic had to face many problems, some of which are given below:-

=> The Republic was forced to sign a peace treaty at Versailles in June 1919. The terms and conditions of this peace treaty were too harsh and humiliating. According to this treaty Germany lost its overseas colonies, 13 percent of its territories, 75 percent of its iron and 26 percent of its coal reserves. Also the Allied Powers demilitarized Germany to weaken its powers. So, this Republic was defamed and became unpopular among its own people from the very beginning.

=> Germany had to agree to pay huge war compensation to 6 billion pounds to the Allied Countries. With all its resources, the Republic could never pay such a huge amount and so, many Germans held the new Weimer Republic responsible for agreeing to these conditions.

=> Because of its weak position, those who supported the republic like - Socialists, Catholics, Democrats became easy targets of attack in the Conservative Nationalist Circles.

=> Because of the opposition of the Allied Powers, Germans could not become a member of the League of Nations till 1925. Such a thing created most resentment in Germany and particularly for the Weimer Republic.

=> Germany had fought the war largely on loans and had to pay war reparations in gold. With the depleted gold reserves, scarce resources and crippled economic conditions the Republic was no more able to pay war compensations. Under this situation the new Republic had to face a tough opposition from the neighbouring countries as they occupied its leading industrial area, Ruhr to claim the coal reserves.

=> All in all there was devastation, starvation, unemployment, total despair among the youth and humiliation everywhere. The country was passing through a situation of hyperinflation and the Republic failed to solve the economic problems of the people. Last but not the least; the German economy was the worst hit by the world-wide economic crisis of 1929 - 1933.

    So, the Weimer Republic had to face too many difficulties since its inception. Indeed the Republic was too young and vulnerable to survive so many problems within and outside the country and ultimately, it failed when Hitler sealed its fate in 1933.          

Q.2: Discuss why Nazism became popular in Germany in 1930.

Answer: The story of the Rise of Nazism in Germany is not limited to a few specific events or causes. It is the result of the working of an elaborate and frightening system which operated at different levels. Nevertheless, some of the main causes of the Rise and Popularity of Nazism in Germany can be mentioned as follows:

=> Treaty of Versailles: Germany was forced to sign a peace treaty at Versailles after her defeat in the First World War. This treaty was so harsh and humiliating for the Germans which they could not accept by heart and ultimately led to the rise of Hitler’s Nazism in Germany. Because of the various terms of this treaty Germany had to sacrifice much of its territories, colonies, natural resources, military power and also had to pay huge war compensation. This created a feeling of sheer dissatisfaction among the people of Germany who visualized Hitler of the Nazi Party as the symbol of revival of the lost glories of Germany.

=> Economic Crises: The Nazis did not have much popularity until the early 1930s. The German economy was the worst hit by the by the world-wide economic crisis of 1929 - 1933. The country was passing through a situation of hyperinflation. It was during this period of Great Depression when Nazism became a mass movement.

=> Political Turmoil: There were many political parties in Germany such as Nationalists, Royalists, Communists, Social Democrats etc. although none of them was enjoying majority in the democratic government. The Party strife was at its peak. This along with various other crises within the country continuously weakened the Republic government and ultimately giving an opportunity to the Nazis to capture the power.

=> Germany had no faith in Democracy: After the defeat of Germany at the end of the First World War, ‘Democracy’ was totally new for the Germans. They had no faith in Parliamentary institutions. Democracy was indeed a young and fragile idea, which could not survive the various problems which were prevailing in Germany at that time. People preferred prestige and glory to liberty and freedom. They supported Hitler whole-heartedly as he got the ability to fulfill their dreams.

=> Failure of Weimar Republic: After the defeat in the First World War and Versailles Treaty there was devastation, starvation, unemployment, total despair among the youth and complete confusion everywhere in Germany. Weimar Republic failed to solve the economic crises of the country. This provided a golden opportunity for the Nazis to launch a campaign in its favour.

=> Hitler’s Personality: Hitler was a powerful speaker, an able organizer, resourceful person and a man of actions.  He could mobilize the mass in his favour by his passionate words. He promised to build a strong nation, undo the injustice of the Versailles Treaty and restore the dignity of the German people. In fact, his personality and actions contributed maximum to the popularity of Nazism in Germany.      

Q.3: What are the peculiarities of Nazi thinking?

Answer: After the defeat in the First World War Germany had to sign a harsh and humiliating treaty with the Allies. The treaty multiplied the problems an already defeated Germany many times and also a political uncertainty in the country. As a result, Hitler rose to the power. He set up the Nazi party and succeeded in capturing the power and establishing the dictatorship of the Nazi party in Germany. The dictatorial rule of the Nazi party under the leadership of Hitler is termed as Nazism. Nazi ideology was synonymous with Hitler’s worldview. The chief features of Nazi thinking were as under:

=> The state is above all. All powers should be vested in the State. People exist for the State, not the State for the people.

=> It was in favour of ending all types of parliamentary institutions and glorified the rule of a great leader.

=> It was in favour of crushing all types of party formations and opposition.

=> It was in favour of rooting out liberalism, socialism and communism.

=> It preached hatred for the Jews whom they thought, were responsible for the economic misery of the Germans.

=> The Nazi party considered Germany superior to all other nations and wanted to have her influence all over the world.

=> It wanted to mobilize the private and State efforts for her development of agriculture and industries etc.

=> It wanted to denounce the disgracing Treaty of Versailles.

=> It extolled war and glorified the use of force.

=> It aimed at increasing the German Empire and acquiring all the colonies snatched away from her.

=> It dreamt of creating a Racial State of ‘Pure Germans’ or ‘Nordic Aryans’ by eliminating all others who were undesirable to them.     

Q.4: Explain why Nazi propaganda was effective in creating a hatred for the Jews.  

Answer: Soon after assuming power in Germany in 1933 Hitler launched a vicious propaganda against the Jews which proved quite successful in creating hatred for the Jews. Some of the reasons for the success of the propaganda against the Jews were the following:

1)    Hitler had already created a niche for himself in the minds of German people who began to consider him as their Messiah. They used to believe Hitler just by his words. Thus, the personality cult created by Hitler did all the wonder and the Nazi propaganda against the Jews proved successful.

2)    The traditional Christian hatred for the Jews, because they were accused to have killed Christ, was fully exploited by the Nazis in order to make the Germans pre-judicial against Jews.

3)    The Nazis used the language and media effectively with great care. The racial theory put forward by the Nazis that the Jews belonged to a lower race and as such were undesirable.

4)    The Nazis injected hatred against the Jews even in the minds of the children from the very beginning during the days of their schooling. The teachers who were Jews were dismissed and Jews children were thrown out of the schools. Such methods and new ideological training to the new generation of children went a long way in making the Nazi’s propaganda quite effective in creating hatred for the Jews.

5)    Propaganda films were made to create hatred for the Jews. Orthodox Jews were stereotyped and marked. For example, one such film was ‘The Eternal Jew’.       

Q5. Who were called the November criminals? Why?

Ans. They were the politicians and people who supported the Weimar Republic. Mainly they were Socialists, catholics and Democrats. They became easy targets of attack in the conservative nationalist circles because they were responsible for unjustice done Germany by signing Versailles treaty. They were mockingly called the ‘November criminals’          

Q6. What were the promises made by Hitler to people of Germany?

Ans. To gain power, Hitler made following promises to people of Germany;

1.     He promised to build a strong nation, undo the injustice of the Versailles Treaty and restore the dignity of the German people.

2.     He promised employment for those looking for work, and a secure future for the youth.

3.     He promised to weed out all foreign influences and resist all foreign ‘conspiracies; against Germany.

Q7 Explain any three effects of Nazism of the school system?

Ans. Effects of Nazism of the school system were’

1.     All schools were cleansed and purified i.e. teachers who were Jews or seen as ‘politically unreliable’ were dismissed.

2.     Children were first segregated. German and Jews could not sit together or play together.

3.     Subsequently’ undesirable children’ – Jews the physically handicapped. Gypsies- were thrown out of schools.

4.     Good German children were subjected to prolonged period of Nazi schooling.

5.     School textbook were rewritten. Racial science was introduced to justify Nazi ideas of race,

6.     Ten-year had to enter Jungvolk. At 14, all boys had to join the Nazi youth organisation.

-Hitler Youth.

Q8. What did the German children learn after Nazi schooling?

Ans. They learnt to worship war’ glorify aggression and violence. Condemn democracy, and hate Jews’ communists, Gypsies and all those categorised as ‘undesirable’. Children were taught to be loyal and submissive’ hate Jews and worship Hitler.

Q9. Explain any five features of political policy adopted by Hitler after coming to power in 1933.

Ans. Policies adopted by Hitler once he came to power in 1933.

1.     Suspended civil Rights.

2.     Introduced Enabling Act which gave him all powers to sideline Parliament and rule by decree.

3.     All political parties and trade unions were banned except for the Nazi Party and its affiliates.

4.     Established complete control over the economy, media, army and judiciary.

5.     Special surveillance and security forces(Gestapo, SA and SS) were created to control and order society in ways that the Nazis wanted.

6.     Sent communists and other opponents to concentration camps.

7.      

Q10. What was the role of the international Military Tribune set up after the World War II?

Ans. An International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg was set up to prosecute Nazi war criminals.

A.    For crimes against peace.

B.    For war crimes and

C.    Crimes against humanity.

 Q11. Enumerate the events led to the Great Economic Depression.

Ans. Following events led to Great Economic Depression which made huge economic

Crisis in USA, Europe [including Germany]

1.     Wall Street Exchange crashed in 1929. Fearing a fall in prices, people made frantic efforts to sell their shares. On one single day, 24 October , 13 million shares were sold. This was the start of Great Economic Depression.

2.     Over the next three years, between 1929 and 1932, the national income of the USA fell by half. Factories shut down, exports fell, farmers were badly hit and speculators withdrew their money from the market.

3.     The German economy was the worst hit by the economic crisis. By 1932, industrial production was reduced to 40 per cent of the 1929 level. Workers lost their jobs or were reduced wages. The number of unemployed touched an unprecedented 6 million.

Q 12. Who were the Free Corps?

Ans. Free corps were the war veteran’s organization in Germany that helped Socialists and Weimar Republic to suppress the revolutionary uprising of the Spartacist League.

Q13. What was the outcome of Nuremberg Tribunal? In what way its outcome as different?

Ans. After the defeat of Germany and end of world war II, an International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg was set up to prosecute Nazi war criminals for crimes against peace, for war crimes and crimes against humanity.

The Nuremberg Tribunal only eleven leading Nazis sentenced to death. Others were imprisoned for life. The retribution did come, yet the punishment of the Nazis was far short of the brutality and the extent of their crimes.

The allies did not want to be as harsh on defeated Germany as they had been after the First World War.

Q14. How did the common people of Germany react to Nazism?

Ans  Common people of Germany can be put into three categories based on their views about Nazism.

a.     Those who believed in Nazism idea and supported it. They marked the houses of Jews and spread anger and hatred against other communities including Jews.

b.    Those who opposed it actively. They had to face the wrath of Nazi government and even death sentences.

c.     Those who were passive onlookers and apathetic witnesses. They were to scared to act or to protest. Pastor Niemoeller, a resistance fighter, wrote about this attitude of apathy among Germans to let atrocities to occur in their neighbourhood.

Q15. What was Spartacist League?

Ans. The Spartacist League was another political party in Germany that opposed the Weimer Republic. They supported Soviet-style governance. They were opposed by the Socialists, Democrats’, Catholics and were crushed by the Free Corps.

Later the anguished Spartacists founded the Communist Party of Germany. It led to political radicalization between Communists and Socialists. Henceforth they became irreconcilable enemies and could not make common cause against Hitler.